日媒:曾親手把工廠甩給亞洲 台積電卻壯 - 工程師
By Isla
at 2021-01-30T01:05
at 2021-01-30T01:05
Table of Contents
日媒:曾親手把工廠甩給亞洲 台積電卻壯大到美國也焦慮
https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2090424
全球半導體短缺情況嚴重,《彭博社》日前才為文指「全球依賴台灣已到危險等級」,凸顯台灣在半導體產業關鍵地位,而《日經中文網》也評論道,過去美國曾經為了抵制日本半導體的壟斷而開創美式水平分工,美方為致力上游設計研發,將附加價值小的製造工廠甩給亞洲,沒想到,分工不斷深化之後,當年投入製造的台積電卻逐漸擁有出乎意料的實力,現在就連美國也感到不安。
全球晶片荒,使得台灣的「護國神山」,也是全球最大半導體製造廠台積電(TSMC)的存在感越來越強大,甚至出現各國政府透過台灣政府請求台積電協助增產的罕見事態。《日經中文網》指出,一家企業的動向如此牽動全世界的情況相當罕見!
TCMC應允增產實給軟釘子
對於經濟部收到各國請求後,急忙找台積電等高層會談,協調增產半導體,台積電回應「如果能進一步擴大産能,會優先生産車用半導體」,但報導引述不具名相關人士說法認為,「台積電表面上回答得很禮貌,但事實上完全拒絕了請求。因為已經沒有了增産的餘地。」
報導指出,台積電之所以能採取如此的姿態,正因為擁有強大實力。現在美國蘋果、高通、索尼……,這些大型企業每天都前往台灣,想盡辦法希望在産品中搭載台積電的半導體,因為這將左右産品的性能。
對於台積電之所以變得如此強大,日媒則回憶起當年美日之間的半導體戰火以及被日本半導體業界視為衰退開始的一戰。報導指出,1986年日本與美國在半導體產業發生劇烈貿易摩擦,最後簽訂《日美半導體協議》。當時日本壟斷世界半導體市場,無法忍受的美國利用該協議事實上抬高了日本半導體的價格,強制性提高了美國企業的佔有率。
台積電製造技術不斷自我進化
報導指出,美國當時便開始致力於半導體新經營模式「水平分工」,一反當時半導體產業主流多從設計到製造全由一家企業完成的「垂直整合模式」。而美國的水平分工主要想讓美國廠商專注於上游設計開發,因而把需要鉅額投資但附加價值小的生產甩給亞洲企業。
報導表示,當時敏銳感覺到這種巨大變化的正是沒有任何資源的台灣,《日美半導體協議》簽訂第二年,張忠謀率先創辦的台積電隨著美國推進的水平分工,陸續接到生産訂單,很快步入成長階段,隨著智慧型手機問世,加速分工模式,台積電把代工的利潤全部投入製造技術的研發,又進一步帶來代工訂單,形成了良性循環,更大大提高了存在感。
現在,全球當前能生産尖端半導體的是台積電、三星電子和英特爾三家企業。但現在英特爾也面臨衰退危機。
點名美國挑起事端又打破平衡
報導認為,美國憑藉自己設計的水平分工,推進無工廠的經營,誕生了高通(Qualcomm)及輝達(NVIDIA)等實力企業,但將生産甩給亞洲的結果是分工深化,台積電擁有了出乎意料的實力,如今美國也感到不安,在美中對立下,台積電存在感更加提升,美國現在又開始表示由於安全保障的理由,拼命拉台積電到美國投資,的確相當諷刺。
最後,日媒認為,在《日美半導體協議》簽訂35年後,美國再次透過制裁中芯國際(SMIC),結果導致了世界上前所未有的半導體短缺,帶動台積電訂單增加,並計畫在中國南京大幅增產。日媒更直接點名美國,「每次只要挑起事端,就會打破平衡」。
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日本半導體業界的觀點還蠻有趣的
不過水平分工是當時全球化的大趨勢
遲早都會發生的
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