上夜班為何容易得癌症?科學家弄清楚了 - 工程師
By Edith
at 2016-08-22T12:41
at 2016-08-22T12:41
Table of Contents
數個針對癌症潛在誘因的大型研究均發現,夜班工作人員罹患癌症的風險高於日班族群,
但雖有數據證明其相關性,因果聯繫卻並不明確。近日,美國麻省理工學院(MIT)研究
團隊發表於權威生物學期刊《細胞代謝》(Cell Metabolism)的論文,或許可以解釋清
楚其背後的生物學機制。
就人類和其他大多數生物體而言,其生物鐘(Circadian Clock)受光的支配。光線通過
控制細胞活動——如新陳代謝和分裂,調節人體生理節律。在以老鼠為模型的對比試驗中
,MIT 的研究團隊發現兩個控制細胞日夜節律(Circadian Rhythm)的基因,同時兼有抑
制腫瘤生長功能。破壞老鼠的正常日夜週期或去除這兩個基因,都會導致防備機制受損,
使得腫瘤更具侵略性。
人類的中央生物鐘位於大腦的視交叉上核(Suprachiasmatic Nucleus,SCN),它負責接
收來自視網膜的光量信息。視交叉上核通過激素和其他信號分子將光量信息傳遞給人體內
所有細胞。細胞內存在一個稱為“Bmal1”的基因,它負責連接其他控制日夜節律的基因
,其中包括一個被稱為“Per2”的基因。正常狀態下,由這些基因編碼的蛋白質水平處於
波動狀態,但如果日夜循環被破壞,這些波動就會消失。
MIT 研究團隊以患有非小細胞肺癌的老鼠為實驗對象,著手研究癌症和這些基因之間可能
存在的聯繫。他們將老鼠置於兩種不同的環境之中,一組老鼠生活在12小時光照和12小時
黑暗交替出現的正常日夜模式;另一組老鼠則生活在「時差」環境之中,每隔兩至三天就
額外增加8小時光照。這種模擬的生物鐘紊亂現象,多發於夜班族或跨時區飛行的人身上
。結果顯示,與正常組小鼠相比,時差組的腫瘤生長更快且更具侵略性。
在下一個實驗裡,研究人員將老鼠置於正常的日夜交替場景中,但是將其體內 Bmal1 與
Per2 基因去除,結果這些老鼠體內腫瘤生長速度與其處於時差環境中類似。論文第一作
者 Thales Papagiannakopoulos 說:「如果你的生活方式使細胞中的這些基因被破壞,
那麼你接收到的光提示就無法起作用,這就相當於有一把分子錘,砸碎了你的生物鐘。」
Bmal1 與 Per2 能控制被稱為原癌基因(C-Myc)即促癌蛋白質(Cancer-Promoting
Protein)的產生時機。所以當這些基因被破壞時,原癌基因開始積累,並刺激細胞產生
更多的代謝物,更多的營養物以及更多的新細胞構建塊。
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