台積電市值超越IBM,藍色巨人為何成長不再 - 工程師
By Megan
at 2016-10-09T21:20
at 2016-10-09T21:20
Table of Contents
https://kknews.cc/zh-mo/tech/okjmao.html
IBM一直都有一個夢想,開發一台計算機,它能夠像人一樣做決定,擁有智力。最近,IBM
的研究取得了重大突破,它離目標更近一步。
IBM開發了名叫TrueNorth的晶片,能夠模擬人腦運行。為了證明它的速度很快,能耗很低
,IBM對晶片進行了測試。TrueNorth具有深度學習能力,像人類大腦一樣,它也可以進行
關聯分析,判斷各種可能性。雖然其它一些計算機也可以擁有相同的能力,但是它們的能
耗高很多。
因為TrueNorth可以自己學習,未來,我們可以將「智力」植入各種計算設備,比如物聯
網、智能手機、機械人、汽車、雲計算和超級計算機。
早先IBM展示過晶片,當時它將晶片裝進一台名叫NS16e的計算機,該計算機的運行原理與
人腦類似。利用神經網絡,NS16e能夠識別圖像、語音、模式。
人類的大腦極為複雜,擁有1000億個神經元,神經元通過神經節點——也就是突觸——連
結在一起,彼此可以通信。皮質負責識別視覺圖像,其它部分負責各種運動機能。
NS16e建有「數字神經元」,但是數量比人腦少得多。IBM系統安裝了16顆TrueNorth晶片
,每一顆有100萬個神經元,突觸數量2.56億個,彼此用電路連結在一起。NS16e也有內存
、計算通信子系統,但是它們的設計方式與現有組件不同,IBM系統可以處理數據。
IBM介紹稱,TrueNorth處理器可以給圖片數據分類,每秒速度1200-2600幀,能耗25-275
毫瓦。處理器還能夠識別圖片模式,這些圖片是50-100個攝像頭以每秒24幀的速度拍攝的
。未來,IBM可以將功能嵌入到智能手機,幾天不充電都可以使用。
TrueNorth的能耗很低,現有服務器安裝的是傳統晶片,比如GPU、CPU和FPGA,它們也可
以識別圖像和語音。Facebook、谷歌、微軟、百度都在開發深度學習技術,通過分析與圖
片、語音相關的答案,深度學習網絡可以自動學習,網絡一般用GPU驅動,能耗很高,超
過150瓦。
IBM為TrueNorth開發了算法和深度學習模式,它包含了識別模式,可以將過往數據和現有
數據聯繫在一起。針對不同的深度學習模式,IBM開發了相應算法,儘管如此,晶片仍然
兼容現有系統,比如MatConvNet。換言之,開發者利用MatConvNet就可以為IBM晶片開發
學習模型,TrueNorth可以在幕後處理任務,開發者並不需要直接面對TrueNorth。
這種處理過程和早期的遊戲開發有些類似,最開始時,遊戲開發者並不直接深入GPU,他
們也不知道如何利用GPU的功能。直到最近,Vulkan更換了OpenGL API,開發者才可以直
接使用GPU功能。
深度學習很強大,無人駕駛汽車就是明證,汽車用強大的計算機導航,識別信號、車道及
其它對象,安全行駛。TrueNorth晶片會讓每一個神經元進行低級處理,然後將處理結果
融合在一起,最終識別圖像或者聲音。事實上,Nvidia、英特爾晶片使用的技術是一樣的
,只是功耗高很多。
TrueNorth仍然處在發展初期,按照IBM的計劃,它準備開發一台和人腦相當的計算機,問
題在於編寫算法和應用有些挑戰。
2004年,IBM開始研究「大腦」晶片,2009年,IBM計算機已經能夠模擬貓的大腦,2011年
,IBM開發出原型晶片,它有256個數字神經元,能夠識別模式。什麼時候能開發出跟人腦
一樣強大的電腦?可能還要等很長時間。IBM還在開發量子計算機,其它一些機構和企業
也在開發人腦模擬晶片,比如惠普企業(Hewlett Packard Enterprise)、史丹福大學、
德國海德堡大學、英國曼徹斯特大學。
-----
矽MOSFET的製程可以預見未來很快就會遇到物理極限的瓶頸...
別人已經在打造下一世代的電腦架構, 跳脫出目前的數位邏輯的電腦架構
未來打造出"天網"也不太意外...
--
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