玄奘法師翻譯步驟英文版 - 翻譯

玄奘翻譯佛經的10個步驟:
玄奘翻譯佛經的步驟， 我們至今還採用， 網上的一篇英文文章， 特張貼如下，
供大家參考：

PS: 鳩摩羅什約是300人譯場進行翻譯，玄奘是500人譯場。

資料來源 http://catranslation.blogspot.com/

Xuan Zang, Possibly China's Greatest Translator

His 10-stage quality control process initiated more than 1300 years ago is
far more thorough and exacting than any existing today.

Introduction

Every Chinese, young and old, within and outside China, knows the classical
language rendering of the exploits of Xuan Zang, the pious Tang dynasty monk
and his three storybook disciples: the indestructible Monkey King, the Great
Sage; Brother Pig, the Eight Denials (of Buddhism); and Sand Monk, the third
disciple. In real life, Xuan Zang was a truly remarkable Buddhist monk. He
travelled on land, across mountains and deserts, through hostile and
uncharted territories, to the birthplace of Buddha in the Indian
sub-continent and thereafter returned to Chang’an (modern day Xi’an) with a
set of Buddhist sutras. The voluminous sutras were written in the extremely
difficult Sanskrit language. Together with his doyens of pupils, he completed
the translation of some 75 volumes of the sutras into an equally difficult
Chinese languages.

The 10 Stages

Buddhist sutras, translated into Chinese earlier than the Tang dynasty, were
difficult to read and comprehend because the responsible translators were all
Buddhist monks of non-Han Chinese origin. It took China several hundred years
to groom its own selection of Buddhist monks who could master both the
Sanskrit language and the complex Buddhism doctrines, which were written in
Sanskrit. And Xuan Zang was recognized as the foremost among them. He was
appointed chief of the Tang dynasty imperial translation centre. It was he
who designed and implemented a translation workflow that would guarantee the
quality of the final product. The process detailed below is well worth
adopting by any modern day translation team.

Stage 1

Master Translator and Buddhism expert to jointly study and interpret the
original text written in Sanskrit. It could involve one or more persons.

Stage 2

Members of the translation team to attend a recital of the text in question
by the Master Translator. The purpose is to verify the accuracy of the
interpretation undertaken in Stage 1. A recital is necessary because the
scriptures were originally written for recitation.

Stage 3

A team of junior translators produces the first Chinese draft from the
Sanskrit text. The draft includes is a transliteration of Sanskrit terms into
Chinese equivalents.

Stage 4

Production of a complete Chinese version by a senior Han Chinese Buddhist
monk trained to undertake scripture translation. This is the most important
stage in the entire process involving a monk with an in-depth knowledge of
Chinese culture and language.

Stage 5

Refinement of the complete Chinese version, construction and structure of
sentences. This is a necessary stage because of the vast linguistic
differences between the source and target language.

Stage 6

Reverse translation of the Chinese version into Sanskrit in order to verify
the accuracy in the interpretation of the original text. Mistakes in
interpretation are to be promptly rectified in the Chinese version.

Stage 7

Review of the verified Chinese version to identify errors in usage of
characters, and refinement in linguistic expressions to improve readability.

Stage 8

Further polishing to improve the literary beauty of the language, adding
linguistic colours to the otherwise monotonous writing.

Stage 9

Verification of the audio quality by reciting the translation aloud. The
audio effect is important because scriptures are for preaching aloud to an
audience.

Stage 10

Final check by the Master Translator.

Conclusion

Xuan Zang did a great job in the translation of the Buddhist sutras. He was
not only an outstanding linguist but he was also wholeheartedly committed to
the task as a devout Buddhist possessing an extraordinary understanding of
its contents. Indeed, he dedicated thirteen years of his life to the task.
The task was not simply limited to transforming one language into another. In
order to effectively spread Buddhism, the sutras in Chinese would have to be
spiritually understood by the Chinese devotees. In today's context, he had to
take into account the marketplace. Was it intended for the gentry for whom
Buddhism depended for their financial support or was it for the less literate
populace to widen market share or was it for both?

--
復次龍王。若離妄語，即得八種天所讚法。 何等為八？
一、口常清淨，優缽華香。 二、為諸世間之所信伏。
三、發言成證，人天敬愛。 四、常以愛語，安慰眾生。
五、得勝意樂，三業清淨。 六、言無誤失，心常歡喜。
七、發言尊重，人天奉行。 八、智慧殊勝，無能制伏。是為八。
若能迴向阿耨多羅三藐三菩提者，後成佛時，即得如來真實語。

--